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"The Body in Kabbalah: A Study in the
Process of Jewish Renewal"
By David Seidenberg
I would like in this brief article to explore four examples of the Renewal
interpretation of Kabbalah, and to compare them to examples found in
traditional Kabbalistic texts. Jewish Renewal has largely based itself on
a
particular interpretation of Kabbalah, one which is humanistic,
egalitarian in terms of gender, and highly accessible. Kabbalah scholars
have criticized this interpretation as historically inaccurate. These
examples
will help us to think about the relationship between Renewal Kabbalah and
traditional Kabbalah. I am concerned about this question from another
perspective than that of an academic scholar, however. I'd like to use
these examples to explore the question: Does the Renewal interpretation
of Kabbalah lead to an increase in meaning, or a decrease in meaning?
Here are the examples:
I. the Renewal idea that each person's psychological makeup is male and
female, and that this makes them "in God's image";
II. the Renewal sh'viti in which the letters of YHVH are shaped into the
form of a person;
III. the Renewal meditation on the four aspects of the breath as YHVH;
and,
IV. the Renewal assertion of the equal power of the female in divinity in
the form of the Shekhinah.
I hope that by laying out the groundwork, this article will give folks who
don't normally study the texts of Kabbalah the chance to come to their own
conclusions about this question.
I. In classical midrash, the statement that the first Adam was created
"male and female" (Genesis 1:27) is interpreted to mean that male and
female were conjoined in a single body, described as "du-partsufim"or
double-faced, with equal halves male and female. Kabbalah interpreted
this to mean that the combining of male and female was the mystery of
God's image. Consequently, gender was limited neither to humanity nor
biology but instead projected onto all levels of reality. Yosef Ashkenazi
(13th century) explains,
Everything that the Holy One created in his world, they are all of them
male and female, even up to the ten Sefirot, they are male and female.
(Commentary to B'reishit Rabbah, p.132)
The Zohar similarly teaches, in its own idiom:
Any image where male and female are not found is not a high image. Come
see: In any place where male and female are not found as one, The Holy One
does not rest his dwelling in that place. And blessings are not found
except in a place where male and female are found, as it is written: "He
blessed them and called their name Adam on the day of creating them."
(1:55b, quoted in Daniel Matt's Zohar, pp.55-6).
The formula that the first human was created "du-partsufim" has been
interpreted within the Jewish Renewal movement as an expression of a
psychological idea about gender: that is, the divine image in human
beings
(or a very important aspect of it) is that each one of us individually
contains both "male and female". This interpretation may sound to some
like Kabbalah meets Carl Jung in the New Age. Nonetheless, it has strong
roots in the texts. I think by applying these ideas to the whole human
personality, Renewal deepens the meaning of Kabbalah. It does this in a
way that is consistent with the tendency we already find in traditional
Kabbalah to always identify more and more levels of meaning with the
Sefirot.
II. A common Jewish Renewal mapping of God's name onto the human body
connects Yod with the head, Heh with the shape made by the arms and
shoulders, Vav with the trunk or spine, and final Heh with the shape made
by the two legs and the pelvis. This image, which appears to be of recent
origin, has become the Renewal sh'viti, or meditation "mandala".
Traditionally, sh'viti figures include names of God, verses, angelic
inscriptions. The central image is usually the image of the menorah
formed out of words, along with the four-letter name written
horizontally. An example of the Renewal image can be found in the
Reconstructionist siddur Kol Haneshamah. However, I have not yet found a
description in a Kabbalistic text that resembles this idea of God's
image. The nearest example I have come across would be the following from
Isaiah Horowitz:
The name of YHVH is alluded to in the structure of the human being, from
top to bottom and from bottom to top. How so? The head is like a Yod.
The torso is like a Vav. The ten fingers, five on each hand, are the two
Heh's. Also, the ten toes, five on each foot, are the two Heh's [and part
of a second YHVH]. (Generations of Adam, The House of Israel I, p.114,
translated by Miles Krassen)
This passage, like many similar examples, goes on to describe how each
part of the body is also a representation of YHVH, i.e. the face, the
structure of each hand, the genitals, etc. The name of God is spelled
twice in the human body according to this passage, once by the upper body
and once by the lower.
The truth within the Kabbalah is not that this or that particular body
part is in the shape of a Heh or a Yod, but rather that the pattern of
God's name is found at every level and from every angle. It is a way of
seeing many
dimensions and many bodies.
The Renewal version is far more anthropocentric (in a naïve way) than any
image found in Kabbalah. That's because there are many parts of our
bodies which traditional Kabbalah associated with YHVH which also resemble
the parts of other animals, but the Renewal sh'viti allows no such
comparison. In other words, if in traditional Kabbalah brain, heart and
liver represent some combination of Yod, Heh and Vav, then this image can
be found in many creatures, but no other creature looks like that Renewal
image of the human skeletal frame.
Historically, Renewal tends to favor simpler, "cleaner" symbols and to
idealize the power of humanity to transform the world. To me, this is
reflected in the language of "paradigm shift", which implies a modernist
way
of seeing of spiritual and cultural progress. The Renewal sh'viti of the
human body in the image of God's name may reflect that way of seeing.
The question here however is different: Does this image deepen our
theology? My own instincts say the human-form sh'viti is too simplified
and literal to teach us what we need to learn about our relationship to
the
world and to God. It reminds me of other representations of Kabbalah found
within Jewish Renewal and in also New Age Qabbalah (as it is often
spelled). These representations have lost the Protean complexity of a
textual
hermeneutic and the fractal complexity of seeing the letters of God's name
at very level of being. My feeling is that the sh'viti represents a loss
of information and meaning.
III. The idea of connecting the breath with YHVH is a frequent trope of
Jewish Renewal teaching. We meditate on Yod as the body is empty of
breath, Heh as the in-breath, Vav as the body full of breath, and Heh as
the
out-breath. Here, I want to look at a text that maps YHVH onto the breath
in a way that differs from this pattern. The following passage from
Tiquney Zohar talks about the way in which the breath and body of a bird
represent God's name. (Notice that we are talking about birds here, so
this passage is about all breath, not just human breath. Also, this
passage pictures the bird's body as an image of God in the same fashion as
the human body is described by the Renewal sh'viti - showing again how the
traditional Kabbalistic map may be less anthropocentric because of its
diversity of images.) Here is the passage:
"For the bird of the skies will lead the voice, and the masters of wings
will tell a word." Here this [word] is YHVH, the central pillar. Yod is
the head of the bird. Vav is his body. Heh-Heh are the two wings,
through
which he flies upward and rests below. And these two wings are two
breaths, Heh-Heh. A breath leaves through Yod; a breath returns/rests
through Vav. (Tiquna 45, 82b - thanks to R' Zalman Schacter-Shalomi for
alerting me to the existence of this text.)
The correspondence between YHVH and the breath made here is a kind of
inverse of the Renewal meditation. It says that the two wings, which are
the two Hehs, are also two breaths, and that the in-breathing is through
Yod and the out-breathing through Vav, thereby completing God's name. So
Yod-Heh is the in-breath and Vav-Heh is the out-breath. The state of the
body at the end of each half of the breathing cycle, either empty of
breath or full of breath, is not related to any part of God's name.
This passage affirms the Renewal idea that breath is an image of God in a
way which is, so to speak, orthogonal to the Renewal mapping of breath
into YHVH. While one could regard the differences between the two
conceptions as a loss of symbolic information, it seems to me in this case
that the two paradigms are complementary. Holding in mind both these
pictures together leads to a far more nuanced and complex understanding of
the breath than either picture could create on its own. And each picture
suggests a
slightly different meditation - perhaps one will work best at one time and
another at another time.
However, the synergy of the two mappings of the breath onto YHVH can only
happen if we know about both of them. To draw the most from its
teachings, Renewal teachers need to educate our community about these
traditional sources along with the Renewal interpretations.
IV. The focus in Jewish Renewal kabbalah on the "divine feminine" as a
model of gender liberation is the most controversial of all the examples
discussed here. It has been heavily criticized by scholars; Elliot
Wolfson,
to take the most pre-eminent example, calls the feminist and Renewal
embrace of Kabbalah "a misreading that I readily endorse as a human being
but regrettably reject as a historical scholar." ("The Mirror of Nature in
Medieval Jewish Mysticism", delivered at the Harvard conference on Judaism
and Nature, 1998.)
Wolfson's criticism is rooted in the approach to the feminine one finds
throughout Kabbalah. In general, Kabbalah understands the feminine to be
a limb of the body of the male, or as something which completes the male.
In other words, the feminine within Kabbalah has no feminist implications,
since the feminine in her or its redeemed state is assimilated and
masculinized. (See especially Elliot Wolfson's Circle in the Square along
with many of his other articles; for a very brief overview of the problem
see my article "The Human Body and the Cosmic Tree" in Trees, Earth, and
Torah, pp.270-273).
Nonetheless, there seems to be an alternative vision of gender within
Kabbalah that we can authentically draw on without making a false or
ahistorical reading of Kabbalah, if we focus on what literary critics call
"counter-texts". There are exceptional passages in Lurianic Kabbalah, for
example, which suggest that the female unites with the male only after
becoming complete in herself:
There are two aspects to the female of Z'er Anpin, one when she is
contained initially in the male, and the second when she is separated from
him and he gives her the crown of strength. When she separates from him
and becomes an autonomous aspect, then the two of them are in the secret
of a husband and his wife, the male alone and the female alone." (`Ets
Chayim 10:3, 49a-b, cited in Wolfson, p.116. For a book-length treatment
of this perspective in Lurianic Kabbalah see Sarah (Susan) Schneider's
Kabbalistic Writings on the Nature of Masculine and Feminine.)
This motif was built upon by a handful of later Jewish works, such as the
Chasidic Or Hame'ir (18th century). He explains that the Holy One, or Tif'
eret, "trembles" for the Shekhinah to become "body opposite body", so that
the male and female dimensions of divinity can be united with each other.
He wrote that we bring redemption by seeking to complete the female aspect
of divinity:
And all this falls upon us, to bring near the time of redemption through
means of good acts [so that] her body [qomah] will be built and
established. Know how to raise up, now in this day especially, the limbs
of the
Shekhinah, in order to redeem her from exile, for this is the tendency of
our souls. to build her and to prepare her with a complete body [qomah sh'
leymah]. (pp.51-2)
Now these passages do not change the fact that the overwhelming message of
Kabbalah does not support gender liberation. But if it is up to us to
"bring near the time of redemption", then that also means it is up to us
to make new interpretations. To do this, we need to be able to hear in
these texts a teaching about the future of Kabbalah and not only the
past. That teaching is that we are supposed to help complete the feminine
aspect of divinity so that this can happen. To me this means liberating
the feminine within Kabbalah. The challenge for Renewal is how to stay
connected to the traditional texts of Kabbalah while doing this.
Thinking further about how we use Kabbalah in the Renewal community, my
main concern is not whether we choose this or that interpretation, but
that we learn the sources well enough to preserve the richness that is in
them. I am also concerned that we be clearer about the difference between
what is already in the traditional texts, and what we are adding to them
in order to make Kabbalah meaningful to our lives.
Hermeneutically, we can use careful text study to "retool" the system of
Kabbalah and to build a future for our tradition. Looking at these four
examples, I would say that Jewish Renewal has done well for its first
generation of teaching, but that in the second generation we need to
deepen our understanding - both through self-criticism and through new
creativity.
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Rabbi David Seidenberg holds a doctorate in Jewish thought focused on
ecology and Kabbalah. He was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary
and is a member of Ohalah. David teaches throughout North America on
theology, political action and spirituality under the rubric of the Ma'on
Study Circle. This piece first appeared in New Menorah.
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